Independence of Africa, assia terms

Key Terms Bangladesh: Muslim republic in southern Asia bordered by India to the north and west and east and the Bay of Bengal to the south. Formerly part of India and then part of Pakistan; it achieved independence in 1971. Saddam Hussein: the fifth President of Iraq, serving in this capacity from 16 July 1979 until 9 April 2003. Indira Gandhi: daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru, India's first prime minister. She was also prime minister of India from 1966 to 1977. Neocolonialism: economy that results from continued dominance of the first- and second-world nations of the world's economy; ability of the first- and second-world nations to maintain economic colonialism without political colonialism. Green Revolution: a large increase in crop production in developing countries achieved by the use of fertilizers, pesticides, and high-yield crop varieties. Kwame Nkrumah: prime minister of Ghana who won its independence from Britain and supported Pan-Africanicism. Gamal Abdul Nasser: took power in Egypt following a military coup in 1952; enacted land reforms and used state resources to reduce unemployment; ousted Britain from the Suez Canal zone in 1956. Muslim Brotherhood: a multi-national Islamic revivalist organization based in Egypt and founded by a primary school teacher, Hassan al-Banna. Originally established in 1928 as a social youth club stressing moral and social reform rooted in Islam, by 1939 it had turned into a political organization. Anwar Sadat: Egyptian statesman who (as president of Egypt) negotiated a peace treaty with Menachem Begin (then prime minister of Israel) (1918-1981). Jawaharlal Nehru: Indian statesman. He succeeded Mohandas K. Gandhi as leader of the Indian National Congress. He negotiated the end of British colonial rule in India and became India's first prime minister (1947-1964). Ayatollah Khomeini: an Iranian Ayatollah, revolutionary, politician, the founder of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the leader of the 1979 Iranian Revolution. Apartheid: laws (no longer in effect) in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas. Homelands: under apartheid, areas in South Africa designated for ethnolinguistic groups within the black African population; such areas tend to be overpopulated and poverty-stricken. African National Congress (ANC): organization dedicated to obtaining equal voting and civil rights for black inhabitants of South Africa. Founded in 1912 as the South African Native National Congress, it changed its name in 1923. Eventually brought equality. Nelson Mandela: born 1918; 11th President of South Africa.; spent 27 years in prison after conviction of charges while he helped spearhead the struggle against apartheid; received Nobel Peace Prize in 1993. Free Officers Movement: a group of army officers led by Muhammad Naguib and Gamal Abdel Nasser. Hosni Mubarak: succeeded the assassinated Sadat as Egypt's president; worked to keep the peace with both Israel and Arab nations; faced economic pressures and a movement by Islamic groups wanting to end Western influence in Egypt. Mullahs: local mosque officials and prayer leaders within the Safavid Empire; agents of Safavid religious campaign to convert all of population to Shi'ism. Steve Biko (1946-1977): an organizer of black consciousness movement in South Africa, in opposition to apartheid; murdered while in police custody. F.W. de Klerk: elected as the last white South African president in 1989. He legalized the ANC and also released Nelson Mandela from prison. This started a new era in South Africa and ended apartheid. Iran-Iraq war: war began when Iraq invaded Iran on September 22 1980 following a long history of border disputes and fears of Shia insurgency among Iraq's long suppressed Shia majority influenced by Iran's Islamic revolution. Muslim League: organization formed in 1906 to protect the interests of India's Muslims, which later proposed that India be divided into separate Muslim and Hindu nations. Zionism: a movement for (originally) the re-establishment and (now) the development and protection of a Jewish nation in what is now Israel. It was established as a political organization in 1897 under Theodor Herzl. National Liberation Front: a political organization formed by the Vietcong in South Vietnam in 1960 to carry out an insurgent policy. Mohandas Gandhi: the preeminent leader of the Indian independence movement in British-ruled India. Indian National Congress Party: movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in government. Its membership was middle class, and its demands were modest until World War I. Led after 1920 by Mohandas K. Gandhi, appealing to the poor. Rowlatt Act: passed in 1919, this allowed the British ruling government to jail any protester without trial for a maximum of two years. Globalization: the process of international integration arising from the interchange of world views, products, ideas and other aspects of culture.